Siberian Tigers :: essays research papers

What it looks like Siberian tiger is the largest and most rare of altogether members of the cat family. This cat is 8-10 feet long, excluding their 25-38 inch rattling tail. This species of tiger weighs 400-700 pounds. the like all members of the tiger family, males are significantly larger than females. The fur of the Siberian tiger is long, thick and yellow with dark black stripes running through it. The rise up of this animal is reddish colored in the summer calendar months. The underside of the Siberian tiger is bright white, and the tail area is white and black. What its eating habits are Like all members of the cat family, tigers are carnivores. The Siberian tiger hunts a wide range of prey, including small mammals, deer, water buffalo, wild pigs, and birds. Tigers ambush their prey, often camouflaging themselves and observing their think victims for long periods of time. Siberian tigers are strong animals, able to tackle large animals almost twice their size, and render t he victim helpless by inflicting a series of deadly bites into the animals spine or throat. This semi-nocturnal animals covers 6-12 miles each night in search of food.MATING Siberian tigers mate in winter months and following a 3-5 month gestation period, the female produces 3-4 cubs. Cubs weigh just over 2 pounds each and are born blind. The small litter of cubs stay close to their mother for the outset 8 weeks of life. By 18 months, the young are capable of hunting on their own. Young stay with their mother for 2 years, at which time they issue the pact and travel solo. The life span of the Siberian tiger is 15 years in the wild, and significantly longer in captivity. LIFESTYLE The Siberian tiger at one time ranged through Korea, China, parts of Russia, and Siberia. Today, they are near extinction in all areas, except Russia. The Siberian tiger is a cave man animal, preferring to travel and hunt alone or with a small pack. This animal lives in mountainous regions and heavily f orested areas. The tigers first line of defense is the go at the end of its tail. The Siberian tiger will shake the tail to warn off enemies or communicate to others the threat of danger. This cat is a hefty jumper and climber, also capable of running at high speeds. The paws of the Siberian tiger are equipped with long, sharp, dagger-like retractable claws.

Applications and Reflections in Gestalt Play Therapy: A Case Study Ess

Gestalt therapy is a type of therapy used to deepen our awareness of ourselves. According to OConnor and Braverman, (2009) Gestalt implies wholeness. Gestalt therapy is a cultivate-oriented, experiential therapy that is concerned with the merged functioning of all aspects of the person senses, body, emotions and intellect. Gestalt therapy can be described as process active, experiential work and can help shed light on suppressed feelings by helping us focus our awareness on feelings in the present. In working through negative the client can suck in negative behavior patterns that may have become ingrained. Understanding the relationship between what we tell ourselves (bad gestalts) and negative thought processes and can become a give out of the healing process. Through this form of therapeutic process, individuals can become better equipped to understand themselves and make better or healthier choices, creating a ace of mind, body and spirit. When Gestalt t heory is applied to taking of responsibility for problematic life experiences, the experiential work lies in assisting the client in taking ownership, self-examination, then make choices and resolving difficulties. When theory is applied to a play therapy relationship, the therapist enters into a partnership with the child, in a process where goals focus on empowerment of the child. This process is described in Oaklander, (2011). Anger is the most misunderstood of all the human emotions. We tend to think of anger as basically distasteful and abhorrent -- something that we would earlier not experience. Oaklander posits that anger is a direct and unique expression of self, and the basic attempt to defend an inner personal boundary. ... ....47-Other dysfunctions of sleep stages or arousal ffrom sleep. Retrieved from http//www.icd9data.com/2011/Volume1/290-319/300-316/307/307.47.htmKalff, Dora. (2003) Sandplay A Psychotherapeutic Approach to the Psyche. Temenos Press, Cloverdale, CA. Lowenfeld, M. (1991) Play in Childhood. MacKeith Press, London.Miller, A. (1975) Albert Einstein and Max Wertheimer a Gestalt psychologists view of the genesis of special relativity theory. History of experience an Annual Review of Literature, Research and Teaching 13 (2) 75103. Oaklander, V. (1988) Windows to Our Children A Gestalt Therapy Approach to Children and Adolescents. The Gestalt Journal Press Gouldsboro, Maine.Oaklander, V. (2011) The many faces of Anger. The Violet Oaklander Foundation, Retrieved from the internet 11/2/2011, from http//www.vsof.org/links.html

John Steinbeck’s Short Story, The Chrysanthemums Essay -- Chrysanthemu

Chrysanthemums She was wearing a mans black hatclod-hopper shoes, heavy flog gloves and a big corduroy apron doing her best to cover up her femininity. In John Steinbecks short story, The Chrysanthemums, we are introduced to Elisa Allen. Elisa is backing during a period after the Great Depression when womens rights issues were becoming a topic of public concern. Steinbeck uses the character Elisa Allen to portray the womens throw together for equality. She is a woman deprived of social, personal and sexual fulfillment in a male-dominated world. Elisa struggles to find satisfaction in her womanhood and a require to escape from her isolated world. She was thirty-five. Her face was eager and mature and handsomeher figure looked blocked and heavy Elisa seems to be very masculine in appearance, and green-eyed of the male authority. She has a very strong character and wishes to be independent and free herself. She struggles with the idea of women being inferior to men and tonuss that she must live up to what society believes a woman should be, passive. Elisa is unhappy and bored with the traditional roles she must play being a woman and frequently tries to behave as a man would. In several points in the story, she seems to take on a masculine role. For instance, when the man looking for work came by the house, she took authority and told him gravely I tell you I have nothing like that for you to do, a typical male response. She shows her strong qualities as she refuses him work making her feel like she has authority over him. Elisa tries so hard to be equal to her husband she works so hard in her garden as he works on the farm. He compliments her garden, youve got a strong new crop coming, makin... ...es from having masculine characteristics to positive female ones and finally regresses to a low point of weakness and inadequacy. All she ever wanted was to be appreciated and noticed by men at an equal level, however, it never happened. mo re women suffered, like Elisa, during this point in history. Steinbeck portrays the women of the past through Elisas isolated life in which she can not change. Inside she feels that she is a strong, dominant, female, tho she never gets the opportunity to have her accomplishments noticed. After many failed attempts to bring herself to the same level as the men in her life, she sadly realizes that she will never be able to live up to her expectations she has for herself. Life was difficult for women during the 1930s, however, without their fight for equality, women today wouldnt have the great freedom and equality they possess.

Dairy Products :: Nutrition, Proteins, Vitamins, Minerals

Milk is an excellent dietary source of high-quality protein vitamins and minerals. Dairy point of intersections give care cheese also are an important part of a well balanced diet Cheese is contain of the same basic materials found in milk, but in the organize concentration. Include casein, fat, some vitamins , soluble and insoluble salts. Soy bean protein is a popular food ingredient used throughout the world for its nutritional and in operation(p) properties, especially after the FDA in the United States allowed a soy health claim in 1999(Fukushima, 2001). This claim has sparked the development of new soy foods (Zhong, Wang, Xu, & Shoemaker, 2007).The traditional product coagulation of soy proteins has also been considered a way of producing soy protein gels, The milky white floid obtained from soybean by soaking ,grinding and filtering is called soymilk.(A.A. Gatade, and, & Sahoo, 2009)Soymilk contains some major and minor components like protein ,fat, carbohydrate ,calci um ,iron, sodium, carotene, vitamin-E, and riboflavin(A.A. Gatade, et al., 2009). The soymilk is used in many products like yogurt, cheese, etc.(Wang, Xiong, & Wang, 2001). Uses of fleshly rennet became limited for religious reasons .Most of Muslim people consider that cheese is produced by an enzyme which comes from an animal and slaughtered on the non Islamic way no halaal. And also soybean cheese for vegetarian people who did not eat animal product .. Calf rennet which prepared and obtained from the one-quarter stomach of calves sucking (Nagodawithana & Reed, 1993) one of the important enzymes is traditionally used for cheese making all over the world . Since 1960s. the production of cheese increase well and number of cattle decrease this caused lessen in rennin. Owing to the rapid growth and the relative inexpensive growth substrate the microbial rennet like milk-clotting enzyme (MCE) proteinase is very important in dairy technology has become a popular rennet substitute. (Pei, Yu, & Chou, 2005).Proteinase is capable of cleaving protein into peptides and amino acids, they are characterized by their optimal pH (acid, sluggish or alkaline), their temperature, their ability to hydrolyze specific proteins (Law,1999). Milk coagulation is the basic step in cheese manufacturing. Milk clotting enzymes are the primary dynamic agents in cheese making, which involves the enzyme-mediated cleavage of kappa-casein which covering the protein micelles at the peptide bond Phe 105-Met 106 that renders the casein micelles unstable and eventually causes aggregation that yields a clot or a gel.

Controlling Environmental Damage Caused by Development and Human Expansion :: Environment Environmental Pollution Preservation

Controlling Environmental Damage Caused by Development and Human Expansion Progress Progress is something that can not be stopped. Many attempts have been made to limit the amount of human progress and expansion, though education has been halted. The human spirit and instinctive tendency to create and carry out more than those who have come before has created mass environmental damage and destruction along the way. I propose that stricter laws and regulations be created that will reward those who visualize and develop environmentally-conscious communities and penalties be imposed to those who choose to damage the earth we live on.When one takes a step back to look at the impact that development and human expansion has had on the world around us, it is hard to realize the significance that one person or development has on the big picture. I would like to mention a specific example of one person with one dream to create a place that is totally environmental medium from start to fin ish. A man by the name of Stanley Stalgut has created a destination that is both luxurious with the all amenities of home, and environmentally sensitive. This place is called Harmony revive in the U. S. Virgin Islands. The concept behind the resort is one that will accommodate the people without harming its surrounding (a mind-boggling idea). Seventy percent of materials used be recycled materials. The wood used is fused together from other scrape. The tile is comprised of assorted materials melted together. Electricity for the resort is solar and wind generated. All appliances are free energy efficient to conserve the solar energy. Not a single tree was thrown down to construct the resort since it lies above the natural terrain. The waste that is created from this situate is treated at the location, in a manner that is accepted by the national park services. The entire resort was built to show that there are ways to build and expand without disrupting the natural flow of natur e. As noble as Mr. Stalgut is to build this type of resort out of the goodness of his own heart, not all developers share this high moral sense of obligation to preserve the earth. That is why the government and its supporting agencies should be taking charge in mandating resembling kinds of development in Arizona.With rising concerns about the long term damage that development and industrial progress is having on the environment, master planned communities and the developers creating these neighborhoods are doing their topper to minimize damage and to preserve the natural habitat.

Controlling Environmental Damage Caused by Development and Human Expansion :: Environment Environmental Pollution Preservation

Controlling Environmental Damage Caused by Development and Human Expansion fortify Progress is something that can not be stopped. Many attempts have been made to limit the amount of human progress and expansion, though development has been halted. The human life-time and instinctive tendency to create and achieve more than those who have come before has created mass environmental damage and destruction along the way. I train that stricter laws and regulations be created that will reward those who plan and develop environmentally-conscious communities and penalties be imposed to those who choose to damage the earth we live on.When one takes a step fanny to look at the impact that development and human expansion has had on the world around us, it is hard to realize the significance that one person or development has on the big picture. I would like to mention a specific example of one person with one dream to create a place that is totally environmental sensitive from start to fini sh. A man by the name of Stanley Stalgut has created a destination that is both luxurious with the all conveniences of home, and environmentally sensitive. This place is called Harmony Resort in the U. S. Virgin Islands. The concept behind the compensate is one that will accommodate the people without harming its surrounding (a impressive idea). Seventy percent of materials used are recycled materials. The wood used is fused together from other scrape. The tile is comprised of assorted materials melted together. Electricity for the repeat is solar and wind generated. All appliances are energy efficient to conserve the solar energy. Not a single tree was thrown down to construct the fall behind since it lies above the natural terrain. The waste that is created from this site is treated at the location, in a manner that is accepted by the national park services. The entire resort was built to show that there are ways to build and expand without disrupting the natural flow of natu re. As noble as Mr. Stalgut is to build this type of resort out of the goodness of his own heart, not all developers share this high moral sense of obligation to preserve the earth. That is why the government and its supporting agencies should be taking charge in mandating similar kinds of development in Arizona.With rising concerns about the long term damage that development and industrial progress is having on the environment, master planned communities and the developers creating these neighborhoods are doing their best to minimize damage and to preserve the natural habitat.

Ðrama work centered on a mystery bag

This section of our drama work centred on a mystery bag, we made various scenes and sketches virtually it, this acted as preparation for our final magical spell. Our first lessons work with the bag was brainstorming its possible owners, uses and just using imagination to create some sense of mystery ab discover the bag.When then, in subsequent lessons had to create short plays ab out possible owners and uses of the bag, and also how it had come to different people. Among these one of the plays I performed was of a lawyer, losing the bag containing all of his weighty papers etc, for this short scene we had to find and bring in a piece of music to accompany it.Another thing we did that incorporated the bag was a set of five still images depicting an action scene that focused on the bag, for this we also used music to help create a plastered atmosphere. All of this work was groundwork for our final piece, our guidelines were as followsMake a five ten minute play about the bag that incorporates a piece of music and one or more drama conventions.In planning our play we brainstormed and developed different ideas, and then picked the one we thought that we could act out best and the one that could be developed most. The idea that we chose was one that had already been discussed in class, but not been looked into any real detail. Here is a skeleton description of our playBeginning A museum with a guide showing visitors around the old artefacts and treasures, they come across the old wreckage of the Isabella II transfer, the guide tells of how the ship sunk, they then move to watch a short video of how this happened.Middle We act out the video of how the ship didnt sink accidentally, and how really the ships captain and his conspirators sank it on purpose in order to gain the insurance money.Ending We come back to the museum and the guide finishes things off by showing the visitors the captains bag that carried the plans and blueprints.We soon came across a prob lem in making our play we unaccompanied had three people in our group but over 10 characters (some only extras). We managed to vote out this by using different props and costume to distinguish between the people. Another setback that we came to in making our play was trying to act out being on a ship etc without having a great deal of furniture etc with which to make our set.I think that our final performance went quite well, our only problem was improvising with being on a stage, we hadnt practised like that, so we had to adapt, but other then that it went well. The audience seemed to think that it was ok, no one boo-ed and we got clapped at the end. I think its possible that if we did the play again then we could improve it spacial awareness and positioning could have been better, but other then that I think our play was good.All in all I think that our performance was done to an adequate level and I was quite happy with it.

World History-High Middle Ages

WORLD HISTORY UNIT 3 THE MEDIEVAL WORLD higher(prenominal) MIDDLE AGES MONARCHIES AND THE CHURCH In the midst of this setting, medieval countries began to emerge. Eng lend and France began to develop punishing monarchal systems of g overnment. Spain and Portugal emerged as monarchies near the end of the Middle Ages. Ger many an(prenominal) and Italy never developed steadfast monarchies. Here are your goals for this lesson Identify key political leaders, especially of France and Eng convey, during the High Middle Ages. Identify key personalities of the Christian church during the High Middle Ages. interdict-0In a religious sense, to cut off church functions or privileges. -1-2 -3-4 France. As the Carolingian Empire declined and the rulers weakened, a split occurred in the region of France among twain factions. One faction supported Charles the Simple the other supported the Count of Paris. This south faction eventually won out and a new family of Capetian exponents command the kingdom of France. The Capetian kings ru lead France for over three speed of light yrs from 987-5 to 1328-6. Hugh Capet, the Count of Paris, was elected king by the French nobles in 987-7.Capet form alliances with other nobles and began extending his territory through warfare. His strength was in his feudal alliances and in the support given him by the church. He insured Capet succession by coronate his eldest son associate king. The early Capetian kings ru guide as lord among other lords rather than a sovereign. The anointing of each king by the church set them apart from the others. The first strong Capetian king was Louis VI (Louis the Fat). Louis VI ruled from 1108-8-1137-9 and established the strong leadership needed to invest the foundation of royal part in France.He gained complete control over the lle de France, the area around Paris, and established it as the center of royal law. Philip II (Philip Augustus) grandson of Louis VI, ruled from 1180-10-1223-11 and bega n expanding the kingdom. He captured Normandy, Anjou, and some of the other incline territories in France. Philip Augustus as well as founded the University of Paris, and in 1200-12 began construction of the Louvre, the palace of the French Kings. The Capetian kings proved themselves stronger than the feudal lords. They encour be ond the breeding of towns so that king and townspeople could be allies once against the feudal nobility.Another Capetian king, Louis IX (St. Louis), ruled from 1226-13 to 1270-14 and was considered the ideal king of his age. He is famous for enacting judicial reforms that allowed two rich and poor to receive equal justice. He also led the Seventh and Eighth stirs. He was considered a saint during his lifetime and was canonized by the Roman Church in 1297-15, less than thirty yrs after his death. In 1328-16, the Capetian dynasty finish because the king left no male heir. The mansion house of Valois claimed the throne because Philip VI , of the house of Valois, was the nephew of Philip the Fair.Ap World History Units 1-3 Study GuideHowever, Edward III of England, also claimed the throne because he was the grandson of Philip the Fair. Edward III paying homage to Philip VI This two-base hit claim to the throne led to The Hundred Years War, which lasted from 1338-17-1453-18. Many long and bitter engagements were fought between England and France, all on French soil. The English dominated the war until 1429-19, gaining grown territories in France. In 1429-20, however, a young girl, Joan of Arc, led an army to break the English siege at Orleans and insured the coronation of Charles VII. Joan was captured by pro-English Frenchmen, led by the Duke of Burgundy.She was then turned over to the English, who returned her to the French for a trial. She was burned at the stake in 1431-21. During a second trial in 1456-22, she was re- time-tested and stated innocent. The events of 1429-23 were the turning point of the Hundred Years War for France. From this point France regained territory and won the war in 1453-24. France had gained a true national spirit by this time. The monarchy was firm established. Louis XI, who ruled from 1461-25 to 1483-26, finally achieved a united France in 1477-27 when he defeated Charles the Bald of Burgundy.England. King Alfreds successors ruled England until 1016-28. In 1013-29 and 1014-30 England was overrun by the Danes once much when the king, Ethelred the Unready, fled to Normandy. The English Witan accepted the Dane Canute (Cnut) as king of England in 1016-31. Canute ruled a united Danish kingdom that included Norway, Denmark, and England. During his reign, 1016-32-1035-33, England was peaceful. When Canute died, however, his two sons were incompetent and tyrannical. When the last son died in 1042-34, the English Witan chose Edward, the son of Ethelred the Unready, as King.Edward, the Confessor, ruled from 1042-35 to 1066-36. The power, however, rested largely with the strongest earl, Godwin, Earl of Wessex, and later with his son, Harold Godwinson. When Edward died leaving no heir, Harold became king. Shrine of Edward, the Confessor Harold was not the merely claimant to the English throne. some(prenominal) William, Duke of Normandy, and King Hardrada of Norway planned to invade England. William was a distant relative of Edward, and was officially approved by the pope. William raised an army, invaded England, and defeated Harold at the battle of Hastings in 1066-37.William ruled from 1066-38 to 1087-39. He brought the feudal system to England from Normandy, but he modified it so that all vassals were subject directly to him. He granted smaller parcels of land to prevent consolidation of power. William used much of the Anglo-Saxon legal and military systems. Two main factions, the Normans and the Saxons, split England for several categorys. After William and his successors, England was ruled by a new line of kings, the Plantagenets. Henry II was first in the line of Plantagenet kings. The Plantagenets ruled England from 1154-40 to 1399-41.Henry II has been called one of Englands greatest kings because of his extensive judicial reforms. Henry hoped that he could mix in England by making the royal law the law of the land. This royal law was the foundation of English common law. English common law became the terms for most of the United States law, and legal procedures. Henry also initiated a circuit court system and developed the dialog box system that led gradually to the jury trial system. Henry II had difficulty with the church because he seek to put clergy under common law and because his legal reforms interfered with the church court system.The closedown of Henrys problem with the church was his argument with his friend and advisor Thomas a Becket over these church-state concerns. The murder of Becket by some of Henrys knights brought public anger and hurt Henrys attempt to unify England. Henrys son, Richard the Lionhearted, spent so many forms fighting in the Crusades that he had little affect on England as king. His cruel brother, John, plotted often to reduce Richard between 1189-42 and 1199-43, but did not succeed. John finally took the throne when Richard died. His reign from 1199-44 to 1216-45 is often called the worst in English history.His cruelty led to defeat on all fronts. His wars with Philip Augustus lost most of the English holdings in France by 1214-46. His disputes with the pope, led the pope to place England under interdict in 1208-47 and to excommunicate John in 1209-48. His ruthless ways at home caused the English nobles to revolt in 1215-49. At Runnymede in the course of study 1215-50, John was forced by his nobles to sign the Magna Carta (the wide Charter). The Magna Carta was a enrolment which protected feudal rights and limited the power of the king by stating that even the king was under the rule of law.Before this time, the king was not hold back by any law he was the law . John did not honor the Magna Carta for long. The principles in the Magna Carta, however, influenced later developments such as fair trials, representative government, and taxation moreover by consent of the people. Johns refusal to abide by the Magna Carta led to further unrest. When John died in 1216-51, he left a country torn by civilized wars. The Plantagenet kings following John were largely responsible for the formation of English Parliament. Edward I, who reigned from 1272-52 to 1307-53, was the first to use Parliament effectively.He called together an assembly of peoples representatives made up of knights, nobles, clergy, and burgesses. Initially this convention was called together to make monetary decisions, especially concerning taxes. In the beginning the representatives met as separate sorts, knights meeting with nobles, clergy and burgesses meeting by themselves. In later grades the clergy no longer joined the group. The knights and burgesses met together forming the basis for the raise of Commons, and the nobles met together in what became known as the House of Lords. Edward I tried to conquer both Wales and Scotland.He succeeded in conquering Wales in 1284-54, but he could not conquer Scotland. The high cost of these wars forced him to collect money through taxes. This need for tax tax income led to the calling of Parliament. Edward II (1307-55-1327-56), Edward III (1327-57-1337-58), and Richard II (1377-59-1399-60), were the last Plantagenet rulers. Edward II and Edward III further developed Parliament making it an integral part of English government by the end of the fourteenth century. The Hundred Years War had taken its toll and continued beyond the Plantagenet reign.Richard II was only ten socio-economic classs of age when he took the throne. His uncle, John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, held the real power until Richard was of age. The costs of war, the unrest among the peasants that led to the Peasants Revolt of 1381-61, and the s eizure of John of Gaunts lands after his death made Richard unpopular. In 1399-62, Richard II was forced to abdicate when John of Gaunts son Henry of Bolingbroke led a revolt of nobles against the king. Henry of Bolingbroke became Henry IV, the first king of the House of Lancaster. His son, Henry V, was a strong king who reigned between 1413-63 and 1422-64.Henry V fought bravely in the Hundred Years War and won the famous Battle of Agincourt in 1415-65. After Henry Vs death, England again was torn by civil wars. When Henry died, his son was only nine months old, and was named Henry Vl. Before Henry VI came of age in 1437-66, England had suffered operose losings in the Hundred Years War, and the country was dominated by rival factions, primarily by the Houses of Lancaster and York. Henry VIs weak and disastrous reign led England into a second war that began just two course of instructions after Englands loss of the Hundred Years War.This new war lasted thirty years (1455-67-1485-68 ), and was called the Wars of the Roses because the red rose was the symbol of the House of Lancaster, and the white rose was the symbol of the House of York. The Wars of the Roses finally ended in 1485-69 when Henry Tudor of the House of Lancaster defeated King Richard III in the battle of Bosworth Field. Henry Tudor became Henry VII and began the reign of the Tudor kings, a reign that lasted until 1603-70. Holy Roman Empire. In the kingdoms of Germany and Italy, strong monarchies did not develop as they did in England and France.Germany had the opportunity to establish a strong government but the choice to seek power and conquest prevented them from doing it. After the last Carolingian king of east Frankland died, the kingdom of Germany was split into four duchies. In 919-71, a Saxon noble, Henry the Fowler became King Henry I. Henry I established a strong government and began to increase the territory of the kingdom of Germany. His son Otto, called Otto the Great, became one of t he strongest kings in Europe. During his reign from 936-72 to 973-73, Otto created a united Germany by dominating the nobles.He stopped the Magyar and Slav invasions, and united German church leaders under his power. Once he had united Germany, Otto turned to Italy. On an expedition to Italy (961-74-964-75), Otto saved the pope, deposed the Italian king, and added north and rudimentary Italy to the German kingdom. In 962-76, the pope crowned him Roman Emperor of the West, and Otto became the first emperor moth of what was called the Holy Roman Empire. This title gave Otto power not only over Italy and Germany, but also over the papacy.Otto and the German emperors who followed him became ambitious and desired to live as the Roman emperors had lived before them. While they wasted their efforts trying to hold the Italian states and to live as emperors, the German nobles regained power and established their own feudal states. Some of the strongest German kings could have reunited Germa ny, but the lure of Italian power unbroken them divided. One of the most famous kings, Frederick Barbarossa (Redbeard), first of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, extended the empire to Burgundy, Bohemia, Hungary, and Poland.His reign from 1152-77 to 1190-78 was successful, but he spent twenty-five years trying to reconquer Italian lands. Frederick died in Asia Minor on the Third Crusade. Spain and Portugal. After 711-79 when the Muslims invaded Spain, civil wars split the Muslim factions. The Umayyad Kingdom of Cordoba became the center of culture and power in Spain from the eighth to the 11th century. Tenth century Cordoba was the great noetic center of Europe. Small groups of Christians had scattered during the Muslim invasions.After 711-80 Christians fought both Muslims and other Christians and established small kingdoms. By the tenth and eleventh centuries independent Christian kingdoms were well established. Muslim power had begun to disintegrate. The Christian reconquest, or Recon quista, as it was called, began in the eleventh century and continued for nearly four hundred years. Rodrigo Diaz of Vivar, known as El Cid, was the great hero of the early Reconquista movement. He conquered the Muslims in Valencia in 1094-81 and became its ruler until his death in 1099-82.In 1139-83 Alphonso I of Portugal defeated the Muslims. Portugal was declared a free kingdom in 1143-84. In 1212-85 the Spanish Christians defeated the Muslims in the battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. All that remained under Muslim control was Granada. The Reconquista finally ended in 1492-86 when Ferdinand and Isabella captured Granada. THE CHURCH The Roman Catholic Church of the High Middle Ages was one of the only unifying factors in Europe. Europe was often called Christendom because the church was so much a part of life.The church controlled many legal and political functions and during this period promised protection as well as salvation. People depended on the church first of all for salvation . Roman Catholics believed in certain basic doctrines, the most important of which were the seven sacraments baptism confirmation penance the Holy Eucharist (Lords Supper) matrimony (marriage) sanctified orders extreme unction The sacraments covered every aspect of Roman Catholic life from birth with baptism to preparation for death with extreme unction. The sacraments were considered essential to salvation and could only be administered by clergy.The church structure was similar to earlier church structures. In the High Middle Ages, however, bishops were often upper class, equal to the nobles in wealthiness and power. Parish priests, especially in the villages, were often poorly educated, but were concerned with the salvation of their people. The church began to develop a more highly structured ritual, or sacrament of the Eucharist. The liturgy was not the same all over Europe, but the essential Eucharistic ritual was central to it. Church fathers and later poets composed elabora te hymns for church services. card of religious festivals and special seasons increased.The church regulated certain aspects of warfare. Knights who killed innocent people or who pillaged churches or monasteries were banned from the sacraments in accordance with a document known as the Peace of God (990-87). Another document, the Truce of God, prohibited fighting during certain religious seasons and on specified days of the week. The church courts tried those who ignored these rules as well as members of the clergy who were guilty of offenses. Heretics were also tried by church courts. A fear of heresy led to the creation of a court to search out and to try heretics.This court became known as the Inquisition. The church could impose severe penalties, such as interdiction and excommunication. The Church could also depose unfit rulers. Religious orders. The medieval church was not without controversies. The increased wealth of some church leaders and of some monasteries led to reform s from the tenth to the 13th centuries. The primary reforms were monastic. Many monasteries had become part of the feudal system, accepting lands in return for protection. The land brought further involvement with the world, along with wealth.Many monks, vowed to poverty, found this acquisition of land unacceptable and set out to find new, reformed orders with stricter rules. The monastery of Cluny, founded in 910-88, was such a reformed monastery. The monks of Cluny refused land grants that tied them to lay leaders. The movement spread, and Cluny eventually had ccc monasteries under the abbot at Cluny. These monks were responsible directly to the pope. Two other reform groups were the Carthusians, who lived as hermits, and the Cistercians, who were a stricter branch of the Benedictines and who were led in the early ordinal century by St.Bernard of Clairvaux (1091-89-1153-90). In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries new orders, known as mendicant orders, began to appear. The membe rs of these monastic orders took vows of poverty and were forbidden to own property. They were supported by alms (begging). Two of these orders were begun by Francis of Assisi (1182-91-1216-92) and Dominic (1170-93-1221-94). These two men organized groups of friars, or brothers, who did not live in monasteries, but went out as missionaries, earning or begging for their regimen and shelter as they went.These orders, the Franciscans and the Dominicans, were founded to fight the spread of heresies. In addition to a vow of poverty, the friars rule forbade them to marry. Papacy. As papal powers and blase powers became more closely linked, problems arose between church and state in all matters. Both church and state claimed sovereign powers in cases that did not concern them, especially in legal matters. The proceeds was usually determined by the stronger leader, either pope or king. From 962-95 to 1149-96, Otto the Great and the other emperors of the Holy Roman Empire, had declared th emselves above the pope.They deposed and named popes at will. The Clunaic Reforms under pontiff Leo IX (1049-97-1054-98) gave the papacy independence. Gregory III, who was pope from 1037-99 to 1085-100, tried to establish church authority over state authority by standing against the German emperors. Although he was driven from Rome, he established a precedent of encounter to the Germans which spurred future popes to similar action. Pope Innocent III had greater success over secular rulers during his papacy from 1198-101-1216-102.He was victorious over both Philip Augustus of France in 1198-103, and King John of England in 1213-104. In the latter case, he forced John to pay allowance to the papacy and to acknowledge that England was a fief of the papacy. In the thirteenth century, Pope Gregory IX was unable to defeat Frederick II of Germany, but he created considerable opposition that led eventually to the downfall of the Hohenstaufens. In 1302-105 Pope Boniface VIII (1294-106-130 3-107) declared that all states were subject to the pope.This action resulted in controversy, especially with Philip the Fair in France, and led to the Avignon Captivity, a group of French popes who reigned in the city of Avignon from 1305-108 to 1376-109. From 1378-110 to 1417-111, the Great Schism, an era when the church was ruled by two rival popes, dealt a severe blow to papal supremacy and severely split the church. The schism ended in 1417-112 when the Council of Constance deposed both popes and elected a new pope, Martin V. Philosophy. One of the major intellectual developments to rise out of the church at this time was a serious study of philosophy.Medieval philosophy began to examine the relationship between faith and reason. The introduction of many of Aristotles works into medieval Europe combined with knowledge of church teachings led to the development of a religious philosophy known as Scholasticism. Scholasticism attempted to apply Aristotles logic to church teaching s. The greatest scholastic philosopher was St. Thomas Aquinas, a Dominican who lived from about 1224-113 to 1274-114. His twenty-one volume Summa Theologica carefully studies the relationship between faith and reason. Thomas spoke of reason and faith as gifts of God.He concluded that reason could understand certain truths and that faith perceived the truths of Christians, which could not be understood by reason. Scholasticism was not immediately accepted, but eventually Thomas works were adopted officially by the church. The Crusades. In the period from 1096-115 to 1291-116, eight Catholic Crusades were launched to drive the Muslim infidels from the Holy Land. The Crusades were military failures. They did, however, stimulate the growth of trade in Europe, which, in turn, led to the growth of cities, trade centers, and monetary systems.They also led to advances in outfit and weaponry. The Crusades were very costly and many nobles were forced to sell their lands to finance military c ampaigns. This led eventually to a decline in the feudal system because the exchange of the lands lessened the power of the lords, and it released the serfs who then moved into the towns. Major Crusades The First Crusade (1096-117-1099-118) called by Pope Urban II at request of the Byzantine emperor The Second Crusade (1147-119-1149-120) called by St.Bernard of Clairvaux at the request of Pope Eugenius II The Third Crusade (1189-121-1192-122) called by European leaders after the fall of capital of Israel The Fourth Crusade (1202-123-1204-124) called by Pope Innocent III The Fifth Crusade (1218-125-1221-126) called by Pope Innocent III The Sixth Crusade (1228-127-1229-128) led by Frederick II of the Holy Roman Empire The Seventh Crusade (1248-129-1254-130) called by Louis IX of France The Eighth Crusade (1270-131-1272-132) called by Louis IX of France. The Crusades diminished the power of the church somewhat because they failed to defeat the infidels. The Crusades were responsible, however, for the growth of chivalric and monastic orders of knights, such as the Knights Templars, the Teutonic Knights, and the Knights Hospitalers. Three other Crusades are often mentioned. The first is the Peoples Crusade of 1096-133 composed of about fifty thousand peasants and their families who set out for Asia Minor. They pillaged their way through Europe and killed many Jews. Led by a man called Peter the Hermit, about twelve thousand reached their goal, only to be slaughtered by Turks.The second was the Childrens Crusade of 1212-134. This Crusade led to disaster and was a tragic holding for families across the continent. Most of the idealistic children either died or were captured and sold as slaves. The third crusade was officially called by Pope Gregory in 1274-135 and would have been the one-ninth Crusade, but it never began. Pope Gregory died in 1276-136 and preparation for the Crusade ceased. -0 playwavinterdic. mp3 -1 gameboardgroup=1 -2 gameboardgroup=1 -3 flas hcardsgroup=1 -4 flashcardsgroup=1 -5 timelineyear=987 -6 timelineyear=1328 -7 timelineyear=987 -8 timelineyear=1108 -9 timelineyear=1137 -10 timelineyear=1180 -11 timelineyear=1223 -12 timelineyear=1200 -13 timelineyear=1226 -14 timelineyear=1270 -15 timelineyear=1297 -16 timelineyear=1328 -17 timelineyear=1338 -18 timelineyear=1453 -19 timelineyear=1429 -20 timelineyear=1429 -21 timelineyear=1431 -22 timelineyear=1456 -23 timelineyear=1429 -24 timelineyear=1453 -25 timelineyear=1461 -26 timelineyear=1483 -27 timelineyear=1477 -28 timelineyear=1016 -29 timelineyear=1013 -30 timelineyear=1014 -31 timelineyear=1016 -32 timelineyear=1016 -33 timelineyear=1035 -34 timelineyear=1042 -35 timelineyear=1042 -36 timelineyear=1066 -37 timelineyear=1066 -38 timelineyear=1066 -39 timelineyear=1087 -40 timelineyear=1154 -41 timelineyear=1399 -42 timelineyear=1189 -43 timelineyear=1199 -44 timelineyear=1199 -45 timelineyear=1216 -46 timelineyear=1214 -4 7 timelineyear=1208 -48 timelineyear=1209 -49 timelineyear=1215 -50 timelineyear=1215 -51 timelineyear=1216 -52 timelineyear=1272 -53 timelineyear=1307 -54 timelineyear=1284 -55 timelineyear=1307 -56 timelineyear=1327 -57 timelineyear=1327 -58 timelineyear=1337 -59 timelineyear=1377 -60 timelineyear=1399 -61 timelineyear=1381 -62 timelineyear=1399 -63 timelineyear=1413 -64 timelineyear=1422 -65 timelineyear=1415 -66 timelineyear=1437 -67 timelineyear=1455 -68 timelineyear=1485 -69 timelineyear=1485 -70 timelineyear=1603 -71 timelineyear=919 -72 timelineyear=936 -73 timelineyear=973 -74 timelineyear=961 -75 timelineyear=964 -76 timelineyear=962 -77 timelineyear=1152 -78 timelineyear=1190 -79 timelineyear=711 -80 timelineyear=711 -81 timelineyear=1094 -82 timelineyear=1099 -83 timelineyear=1139 -84 timelineyear=1143 -85 timelineyear=1212 -86 timelineyear=1492 -87 timelineyear=990 -88 timelineyear=910 -89 timelineyear=1091 -90 timelineyear=11 53 -91 timelineyear=1182 -92 timelineyear=1216 -93 timelineyear=1170 -94 timelineyear=1221 -95 timelineyear=962 -96 timelineyear=1149 -97 timelineyear=1049 -98 timelineyear=1054 -99 timelineyear=1037 -100 timelineyear=1085 -101 timelineyear=1198 -102 timelineyear=1216 -103 timelineyear=1198 -104 timelineyear=1213 -105 timelineyear=1302 -106 timelineyear=1294 -107 timelineyear=1303 -108 timelineyear=1305 -109 timelineyear=1376 -110 timelineyear=1378 -111 timelineyear=1417 -112 timelineyear=1417 -113 timelineyear=1224 -114 timelineyear=1274 -115 timelineyear=1096 -116 timelineyear=1291 -117 timelineyear=1096 -118 timelineyear=1099 -119 timelineyear=1147 -120 timelineyear=1149 -121 timelineyear=1189 -122 timelineyear=1192 -123 timelineyear=1202 -124 timelineyear=1204 -125 timelineyear=1218 -126 timelineyear=1221 -127 timelineyear=1228 -128 timelineyear=1229 -129 timelineyear=1248 -130 timelineyear=1254 -131 timelineyear=1270 -132 timelineyear=1 272 -133 timelineyear=1096 -134 timelineyear=1212 -135 timelineyear=1274 -136 timelineyear=1276

Language skill is essential tool in the job market Essay

Language science is essential tool in the job market. Being able to speak a prefect side speech is a skill that a person have over other graduates and being able to boost up the chances of getting the job. English language proficiency works as a determination of large numbers opportunity to get a job. Hence it can be concluded that a persons ability and perseverance of a language plays an important and vital role in future employment. A person must have the ability to commence their ideas with a good face and to achieve it a daily practice of the language go out give a better result. A better judgement of the language will secure a place for a better job. The characters in both articles teaches that we can improved the language skill if we try to our best. If we got exuberant self-motivation, it is possible brush up our language skills in our spare time. There are plenty ways to practice and improve the english language skill and one of it is through learning new words from di ctionary. Other than that, Amy tan in her article Mother Tongue celebrates the fact that she did not follow the expectations that people had of her because her maths are better than her english and of her struggle with writing and language. Its shows that self-determination contributes to the success.I agree with you that it is essential that we properly understand the role that English plays and will play in our daily life. For many jobs, communication skills in English are in increasing demand. English is becoming a basic extremity for a job. Importance of the English language in the workplace continues to be a top concern among employers. A person who are more competent, still and impressive in speaking in English than other graduates have better opportunities in the job market. Every employee faces interview before getting a job. If that person is not suitable for the respective job in terms of English language, the chances of getting the job will be low.Hence, a good english language skill is important to secure a better job. The characters of both articles also says that we can learn and improve English language if we have a self-motivation and improve our daily communication. We can started with a simple English and improve it day by day .

Continue to Fund NASA

The wreckage of the ship and the remains of her seven crew members were strewn all across Texas and parts of Louisiana. Even the most staunch NASA believers contemplated their support for the power as gust rained from the sky. It had been nearly 17 years since the last fatal disaster of the Challenger explosion, and this served as another frightening reminder that plaza travel till is not safe.The incident caused the question that e precise iodin asked themselves that day Is the journey Of space travel and exploration worth the sacrifice of tender-hearted lives? This line of thinking has ultimately lead to the ponder over whether we, as Ameri buns tax payers, should continue to fund NASA in its mission to explore and understand the universe. I propose that NASA is not exactly an historic part of our government, but an absolute critical piece of our development as a human species. We argon a race destined for the stars, and the formation of agencies worry NASA were the first s teps to that end.To amend understand NASA, we engage to look at the agency from its inception. NASA was essentially born out of fear of Soviet space superiority. On October 4, 1957 the Soviet Union launch the worlds first artificial satellite into space by the name of Sputnik (Gerber, Lanais). As a direct result, almost exactly one year later NASA was create with 8,000 employees and a 1 00 million dollar bud train. The initial goal of NASA was to make up unconnected ground on the Soviets in the space race, but on May 25, 1961 President John F Kennedy gave NASA its prime directive put a man on the moon and meet him back feely in the lead the end of the decade.With an astonishing pace and efficiency, that goal was achieve on July 20, 1969 when Neil Armstrong took his first steps on the moon and gave his famous One piffling Step for Man speech. At that time, the w jumble country was behind NASA and its mission. The very act of putting a man on the moon changed our society in man y ways. Man was no longer bound to the Earth, and it changed our perception of the universe. Exploration of space and the stars come outed within our grasp. It looked like only a matter of time before the common man would be colonizing the moon. Fast forward almost forty years later and we find that Man has not been back since.The notion that we were commensurate to send a man to the moon in eight years, but spend the next forty idly by on Earth and our belittled orbit space stations does not sit well with some. And, if you are just looking at the small picture of manned space travel, it would seem that NASA is moving at a snails pace. Since the last moon landing, Man has not moved an inch past our low orbit space stations. When looking at faults, there are many to be found as to why this has occurred. The first thing we can look at is the faltered support NASA received from our foundation in the past few decades.When Americans started dying for the cause, we all slowly started losing our taste for space travel. This also occurred when we realized the high cost of sending man into space. The domain does not see the advantages of sending a man to the moon again, as the been there, done that mentality has prevailed. This is especially apparent as of late when Obama just lately canceled the Constellation Program, which aimed at getting a man back on the moon by 2020 (Atkinson). The ultimate goal was to start towards building a lunar base from which we could launch other space sessions from.Yet, even though we had already spent 9 billion dollars on the project, it was axed. NASA was cited as over budget, behind schedule, and absent in innovation due to a failure to invest in critical new technologies. Instead, NASA was urged to invest and inspire the centralization of space flight (Belton). This comes close because the space shuttle fleet will be retiring this year, and the US will be entirely reliant on the Russian space agency to ferry our astronauts t o the International Space Station for the next few years. It is suggested that spurring growth in this sector will achieveBeams angle of creating jobs and will be better economically than sending our money to Russia. While I find the centralization of space flight a step in a good direction, I believe the can carrellation of the Constellation political program shows an enormous lack of foresight on the Obama administrations part. While this move harkens back to when the government spurred growth in commercial melody sector by use of the Airmail initiative (Simmers 2), one must realize that the money is just not there yet for commercial story and exploration.The projects NASA put one over undertaken have required massive budgets with usually very little monetary re manoeuvre. This is not necessarily the arena for private industry, who have a privy line to worry about. There has been much outcry as to the cost of supporting NASA through public funding. This year Annas budget actu ally increased 6% to just under 18 billion dollars, which to some, are not being spent wisely. It is unfortunately true that NASA has become the government agency that nobody valued it to be big, bloated, inefficient and expensive.It seems it has fallen into the pit that most other government agencies have. For proof of this e can look at Annas latest Mars spider project, the Mars Science Laboratory (MS). The rover was supposed to launch near the end of 2009 and now has been delayed (twice) to 201 1 (Chance). The budget for this project was approved at 1. 6 billion but now is projected to surpass 2. 2 billion by launch. Even if you look at Annas more(prenominal) recent victor stories the public has been asking is it worth it? The Mars rovers Spirit and Opportunity launched in 2003 and were expected to last only 6 months.Six years later and we find they are still operating on Mars and sending back data. At a total cost of -? 944 million for a six year mission, you could introdu ce thats a bargain (Chivies). Yet, there are many who wonder how soil samples and weather patterns on Mars help us when there many more issues down on Earth that need attention. Some have urged for the slashing and outright abolishment of NASA in favor of shifting its budget to other brotherly programs like well fare, national health care or education.While I am not debating the whether or not these programs need more funding, I am stating that diminishing Annas budget and overall presence would be a huge blow to the development of the IIS and he human race as a whole. When looking at the overall governmental spending budget, NASA is only a drop in the bucket, totaling only less than 1% (Change). Compare that to the height of the Apollo missions that took 5% of the budget, it shows that todays program is affordable. The national defense budget is nearly 40 times that of Annas.While NASA does not directly work towards the hyphenation of space (that is the Air Forces domain), maintai ning space superiority does play to our countrys defense. One can only imagine if Russia or China gains the upper hand. Regardless, the minute anis we might see by diverting Annas funding elsewhere would be greatly outweighed by the detrimental effects this would have on our country and perhaps the world. So far you might say there havent been many pros for NASA that have been presented. The fruits of Annas labors really fall into two categories tangible and intangible.The intangible gifts that NASA has given us are really the hardest to defend as they may not directly benefit us. For instance, NASA has discovered more than 300 explants (planets orbiting stars outside our solar system) and are still finding new and better ways to detect them Cowmen). They recent launched the Keeper space telescope that will aid us in finding even more explants. The knowledge that there are definitively more planets outside our solar system, objet dart not surprising, does nothing for us now and h elps no one at the moment.Yet, the information we might glean from these explants may perhaps unlock how planets are formed in our universe and may even give a glimpse into how life is formed. One cannot put a price tag on expanding the human understanding of the universe. But, knowing how life or planets are formed do not help the starving or the dying. For those who do not care that Uranus has molar concentration MPH wind speeds or that at the center of every galaxy there may be a super massive black hole we must look at the direct and tangible presents that NASA has bestowed on our society.Many, many innovative technologies have been directly and indirectly created by NASA is pursuit of its goals. If you get lost in the woods and your GAPS leads you back to safety you can thank NASA for that. If MR. scan catches the early stages of cancer and you get to live a full life because of it, you can thank NASA (Change 2). If your fire alarm goes off and you can get out of your souse be fore it is engulfed in flames again, you can thank NASA. If you have an ear thermometer, cell phone, satellite TV or cordless drill you can thank in whole or in part, NASA.The technologies NASA has given the world has not only made life easier, but has saved countless lives as well. Lets not forgot Annas enormous contributions to meteorology either, which have not only saved lives but have help the agricultural sector as well. All these things we may not have come about if NASA hadnt help create them as a nitty-gritty to their end. If all of Annas contributions to humanity have not swayed you than reaps nothing will. You must take into account this though that the fate of the entire world and the human race may be on Nanas shoulders.Im sure you have all seen movies like Armageddon and Deep Impact, and believable or not these Earth striking comets are a very real possibility. The only way we will have fair warning if this comes to pass will be through the efforts of agencies like NA SA. The only organizations even considering the possibilities and accident plans are those like NASA This is not fear mongering either the widely accepted notion that Earth has been hit by a comet before exulting in the extinction of species like the dinosaurs is proof enough that it is possible.It may very well be that one day NASA saves the Earth from destruction, and We will breath sigh of backing that we kept them around. When its all said and done, we need NASA. They have given us so much in the way of knowledge and tech analogical advancements that we shouldnt turn our backs on them now. Granted, they are not perfect and do have many glaring flaws. Perhaps they need a restructuring or new leadership to get them back on the path. The fact remains that we are indebted to NASA for eloping us grow technologically and as humans looking up wide eyed at the sky.